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[Prince Edward Island] |
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| 1534 to 1719 | |
| The first white man to land
on the island (and record it) was Jacques Cartier in his 1534 voyage. [D.C.
Harvey, The French Regime in Prince Edward Island, p. 1]
It was first shown on a map of the era by Champlain. The 1612 map
shows it as very small, but it is named and pretty much correct in the
1632 map. Nicolas Denys described the island as having fir, beech,
and birch trees. There were 2 harbors on the Baie Verte side, but
the entrances were shallow. Ships had to be unloaded and tilted (like
careening) and towed into the deeper bay. There were plentiful waterfowl
nesting there. There were caribou, which the Indians liked to hunt,
but no moose. Game in the area included cod, salmon, mackerel, herring,
sardines, sea-cows, and seals.The northern side of the island was a popular
place for fishermen to cure their fish on the shore. [Harvey, p. 10]
For the most part, Ile St. Jean (called Abegwet by the Indians) was ignored by the European powers in the 1600s. In the mid 1600s, the island was part of a grant to Nicolas Denys When Acadian fell (1710), more attention was given by the French to Cape Breton (renamed Ile Royale). The idea of using Ile St. Jean to provide for Ile Royale didn’t come for years, and when it did it was requested by the Acadians and Ile Royale itself. Soon after the fall of Port Royal, a few Acadians ventured to Ile St. Jean. The east coast of the island (6 leagues deep) had been granted to Sr. de Louvigny, Major of Quebec, in 1710. He needed (by 1711 royal edict) to settle people there within a year. The Acadians didn’t want to be in a feudal system, but they did settle in and grew wheat & peas (typical Acadian crops) and fished. As soon as the French took control on Ile Royale, an engineer (de Couagne) wrote the minister about using Ile St. Jean. He asked for permission to explore it, as it had good harbors, codfish, land and good wood that might be useful. [Harvey, p. 30-32] The King of France wanted the
Acadians to move to Ile Royale. A few Acadians moved, but most
of them remained. Either they didn't like the land or they were hoping
to keep their land and live in peace. The Minister urged officials
to try to get the Acadians to move to Ile Royale instead of Ile St. Jean.
When the Ile Royale officials were failing at bringing over the Acadians,
Ile St. Jean looked more promising.
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| 1720 to 1743 | |
| The island was divided in 1720
between St. Pierre, M. Farges, and M. Moras. In summer, 1720, at
least 3 ships left Rochefort for the island with colonists, fishermen,
and supplies. The commandant, de Gotteville, said in 1721 that he
expected to winter 250 people, with people arriving every day from Acadia.
St. Peters was the chief fishing center under the French. De Gotteville
and La Ronde quickly built structures, and they remained until destroyed
by New Englanders in 1745. One building, dedicated to St. John the
Evangelist, served as a chapel, with a Sulpician priest (Rene Charles Breslay).
In Nov., La Ronde went to Bay Verte and
Beaubassin to get Acadian carpenters to build ships in the winter months. Three ships had been built on the island. [Harvey, p. 42-45] Most of the 1720-21 colonists
were from France. Though permission was given in 1720 for the Acadians
to go to to Ile St. Jean, it seems that their preference for the island
was an excuse not to go to Ile Royale. St. Ovide learned in Nov.
1720 that Acadians had been to the island to inspect it, and that they
found the land red and dry, poorer than they had expected.
A good crop came in 1730, which caused the settlers to clear more land. The yield attracted the attention of the Acadians, and 60 Acadians from Beaubassin came to look over the land. The 1730 census showed 76 men, 55 women, 182 children, 12 domestics (325 total). St. Peters was the most “thickly settled” area, mostly with fishermen. Three Rivers was a distinct settlement with a separate history. The population of the island really didn’t increase until 1750, when Acadians came after the founding of Halifax. De Pensens urged France to let 1-2 soldiers per year settle there, and pay them for 3 years; since they would be better settlers than Acadians who were “naturally lazy and accustomed to work only in easy marshes.” And the island lands were uplands and difficult to clear. [Harvey, p. 65-70] In the early 1730s, Roma build
a number of structures at Three Rivers. They were made airtight by moss
and clay. The chimneys were made from clay, which were kept going
day and night for 7 months of the year. A refrigerator was made (to
keep food preserved) and 2 wells (and fitted with 4 pumps) were dug to
supply it with water. There was an oven for baking bread. A
huge cellar was built, with an entrance at each end, to store fruit.
Several levers were made to clear land. He built roads to Cardigan,
Sturgeon Rier, Souris, and St. Peters. But it all went up in smoke
when, on June 20, 1745, New Englanders came from Louisbourg and plundered
the goods and burned down the buildings. [Harvey, p. 85-91]
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| 1744 to 1748 | |
| A long expected war had
broken out between France and England in spring 1744. Louisbourg
got word of it on May 3. New Englanders, supported by a British fleet,
took Louisbourg on June 17, 1745. The fall of Louisbourg also meant the
surrender of Ile St. Jean. The soldeirs at Louisbourg and most of
the population were sent to France. Some escaped to Quebec and some
stayed. Two groups of soldiers were sent to Ile St. Jean. There
was no resistance at Three Rivers by Roma. At Port La Joye, the settlement
was burned down
also. But the settlers were basically left alone. De Ramezay from Quebec made attacks on the English in the Maritimes, but basically things were quite during the English period of Ile St. Jean. Though Shirley said in 1747 that 150 Acadians helped de Ramezay in his attack on Noble at Grand Pre. The War of the Austrian Succession ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle on Oct. 18, 1748. Ile Royale and Ile St. Jean were returned to France. [Harvey, p.109-121] |
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| 1749 to 1758 | ||||||
| 1749
Acadians were promised liberal assistance by the govt. if Acadians would move to the island with their livestock. On July 3, 1749, Louisbourg was officially turned over to the French. The French fort at Louisbourg was to be offset by a fort built in Chebucto Bay. Halifax was founded in Chebucto Bay in summer 1749. Cornwallis wrote a note to the Lords of Trade on Sep. 11, 1749, to which they replied on Feb. 16, 1750. He notes that something (by Micmacs and Id. St. Johns Indians, led by the French priest LeLoutre) was brewing. He states the French were trying to stir up the Indians against them. If there is ever proof that the Acadians supplied the Indian or French with arms, it would justify the total disarming of them. The French were not only trying to get the Acadians to go to Ile Royale and Ile St. Jean, but also to other New Brunswick areas that were French. Ile St. Jean needed to be built up to supply Ile Royale. So the missionaries (like Le Loutre) had orders from the top. Le Loutre thought that “the interests of the state and of religion” were one. It was Le Loutre who really started the grande derangement by forcing Acadians on the Isthmus of Chignecto to French soil. [Harvey, p. 128-131] Capt. de Bonnaventure was appointed comandant of Ile St. Jean in Aug. 1749. He was to reestablish the capital. By winter, he had built an office building for himself, a guardhouse, a commandant’s quarters, flour magazine, barracks, subalterns quarters, dry goods magazine, bakery, stables, forges, captain quarters, molasses magazine, surgeon quarters, chaplain quarters, powder-vault, and prison. They were made of wood, but cost more than they should. [Harvey, p. 132] Due to the pressure of missionaries and French officials, immigrants moved to Ile St. Jean steadily from 1749 to 1751. The first came from Beaubassin. All of the Acadians in that area moved to French soil over those 3 years ... some on the French side of the isthmus, some to the island. It states in a Aug. 15, 1749 note that 7-8 Acadian families (50-60 people) moved to Port La Joye from Beaubassin. They were given provisions, but it was hard to find a place for them. If the older landowners objected, the new ones might have to pay cens et rents on a scaled set in Canada. [Harvey, p. 133] 1750
Bonnaventure had 1000 new settlers, most of whom were supposed to be on Kings’ rations. To promote farming, they were forbidden to fish. Bigot told Le Loutre to promise the Acadians 3 years of assistance if they’d move to the island, and the Indians would help them move. It seemed that the Acadians from Minas, Pisiquid, and Cobequid were ready to move (under threats by La Corne and Le Loutre), but there wasn’t much movement. The 1751 migration was less than half of that in 1750 ... mostly the overflow from Beaubassin and some from Pisiquid and Cobequid. Those in Cobequid said they were afraid to move due to the vigilance of English cruisers. 1751
Col. Franquet, an officer of
engineeers sent to supervise new fortifications at Louisbourg, visited
Ile St. Jean in late summer 1751 (July 27-Sept 1). He prepared a
40 page report, which recommended: 1) the 4 main ports be fortified and
supplied with troops, 2) three more church parishes be created, 3) the
settlers be allowed to fish, 4) a surveyor be sent to settle land disputes,
5) a govt. be organized for the island, separate from Ile Royale, 6) direct
communications between the island and France be established.
1752
At Port Lajoie, the settlers
had been there less than 3 years (most <2). Most of the original
settlers had moved to the interior during the period of English control.
Among the population, 151 came over in 1748-49, 862 in 1750, 326 in 1751,
and 27 in 1752. In that period, 93 children were born to the older
settlers, while 114 to new settlers. Since that gives 1573 in that
period, so 650 (2223-1573) must have been there in 1748.
Comte de Raymond wrote to de
Bonnaventure on Oct. 4, 1751. Bonnaventure was to help all who wanted
to move to the island and would provide for them for the 1st year.
The roads from Port la Joye to Three Rivers, from Three Rivers to St. Peters,
and from Three Rivers to East Point, were to be improved.
1753
The building of Ft. Edwards and Ft. Lawrence increased immigration in 1753 (400) and 1754. In 1753, 135 of those had tried settling at Pointe a la Jeunesse on Ile Royale, but had almost starved. In 1753, only 1/3 of the land was used because they didn’t have enough seed. More Acadians would have gone to the island, but there was a lack of fortifications. 1755
1756
1757
Vaudreuil wrote to the Minister on April 18, 1757 noting that “the women and children dare not go out being unable to hide their nakedness. It is the same with a number of men.” There were more than 6000 cattle on the island. He suggested the King send some frigates to the island. He didn’t want to lose it to the English. In a Dec. 10, 1757 note from Prevost to the Minister, he asked for seed since the last 2 crops had been bad. They’d have starved if they hadn’t captured some wheat and rye. They needed seed from France for the 1758 season. In 5 years, there had been only 1 good harvest. The island rarely had more than a couple months rations. They should have killed the cattle, in light of what was soon to happen to them. [Harvey, p. 186] 1758
On Aug. 8, Amherst had Lord Rollo
& Lieut. Spry (engineer) take 4 ships of war and 500 men to Ile St.
Jean. He was to build a fort. Crucour sent 2 officers from
Louisbourg to inform the French to surrender. If they resisted, they
were to be killed. All of the inhabitants were to be brought to Louisbourg.
[Harvey, p. 189]
Of those who escaped the deportation, some left from the north shore and headed for Quebec on French schooners. Others fled to Miramichi, but they had no food. A Sept. 24, 1758 report from Murray to Wolfe stated that those at Miramichi were starving and preparing to go to Canada. Some found their way to St. Pierre and Miquelon; a 1767 census there shows 81 from Ile St. Jean. The parish of Malpeque and some around the Northeast River had escaped deportation. They soon become good at hiding in the woods. 1759
1764-65
Capt. Morris estimated 207 Acadians there in 1767. [Harvey, p. 199-200] Their descendants form a large part of the current Acadian population on the island today. |
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| After the Exile Period | ||||||
| After the island was cleared of
its inhabitants (though some had hidden away, and some made their way back),
England had it surveyed in 1767 to divide it up for their own settlers.
The island was divided into 67 cantons and given to influencial British.
The common settlers (such as the Acadians) were "renters" who had to pay
the owners a price. Some of the areas that contained Acadians were
cantons 16, 17, and 19. Early Acadian settlements were Tignish,
Mount Carmel, Miscouche, Egmont Bay, Rustico, St. Louis, and Souris.
Note: the island became Prince Edward Island in 1798.
In the early 1800s, Acadians made their way to the present-day Evangeline region of PEI. Though at first they were there illegally, some managed to purchase land as the years went by. Sixty-one families (with surnames of Arsenault, Gallant, Richard, Bernard, Poirier, Cormier, and Aucoin) were there in 1828. In 1852, the government allowed Acadians to buy land in canton 15. That area continues to be occupied by Acadian descendants, though the population has spread out beyond the borders of that canton. Acadians who arrived there after 1830 often settled in cantons 14 and 16. Over time, some of the Acadian areas lost their French nature, though it still remains in places such as Mount Carmel, Egmont Bay, and Wellington. |
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| Ile St. Jean LINKS |
Prince Edward Island LINKS
1728 Ile St. Jean Census 1768 PEI Census 1798 PEI Census Acadian Cemetery Restoration Project on the Fortune River |
Google Map - Prince Edward Island |
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History Timeline | Maps | Additional Resources | Encyclopedia |
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| Port La Joye
Riviere du Ouest Riviere du Nord Riviere du Nord Est Riviere de Peugiguit Anse du Compte St-Pierre Riviere du Moulin a Scie Anse au Matelost Grande Anse Grande Ascension Pointe au Boulleau Anse de la Boullotierre Pointe Prime Anse a Pinnet Havre La Fortune Pointe de l’Est St. Pierre du Nord Tracadie Etang des Berges Bedec La Traverse Riviere des Blonds Riviere au Crapeau Anse du Nord Ouest Anse aux Sanglier |
Charlottetown
West River North River East or Hillsborough River Pisiquid River Keppoch Mc Kie Creek Alexandra Orwell Cove Vernon River Birch Point extending into Orwell Bay Newtown River flows SW into Orwell Bay Point Prim Pinette (Pinette Bay) Bay Fortune East Point St. Peter's Harbour Tracadie Stanhope (Campbell's Pond at Grand Tracadie) Bedeque Traverse River Johnston's River area Crapaud River Nine Mile Creek Holland Cove, also Observation Cove |
For even more Ile St. Jean place names, try Prince Edward Island Placenames, Past and Present.